Find the best lead refining furnace options from leading Chinese suppliers on Alibaba.com. These industrial furnaces are essential for recycling scrap metals, converting them into various steel types from iron. They are predominantly used to melt metals such as iron, aluminum, and copper. Some specialized units handle precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum. Large-scale models can weigh up to 20 tons and operate on power inputs ranging from 380v to 950v, with working power between 180kw and 2,000kw. To ensure a stable current for the lead refining furnace, large capacitor banks are deployed. These capacitors are highly insulated to prevent water damage, and the systems include multiple safety features like circuit breakers that automatically shut off the machine if a fault is detected.
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Melting operations use either open or enclosed furnaces, with some systems needing two pots—one for melting and another for transporting the molten metal. A standard lead refining furnace can achieve temperatures ranging from 1,750 to 2,100 degrees Celsius, sufficient to melt most metals. Depending on the metal type and furnace model, melting speeds vary between 40 and 60 minutes. Melting pots are designed to tilt up to 95 degrees for efficient pouring of molten metal. Cooling is managed through integrated water-cooling systems and an advanced PLC system manages the furnace operations.
Most lead refining furnaces employ electrical induction for heating and hydraulic systems to control the pot's tilting motion. Alibaba.com hosts a wide range of these furnaces, suitable for different scales of operation and available at wholesale prices. Explore the options on Alibaba.com to find the ideal machine for your needs.
Refining of Bullion
To remove and recover remaining impurities from lead bullion, either pyrometallurgical or electrolytic refining is used; the choice between the two methods is dictated by the amount of bismuth that must be eliminated from the bullion and by the availability and cost of energy.
The Parkes zinc-desilvering process is the most widely used pyrometallurgical method of refining lead bullion. As in smelting, the lead is first melted and allowed to cool below the freezing point of copper. Copper, along with any remaining nickel, cobalt, and zinc, is removed by skimming. The lead mix then moves to a reverberatory "softening" furnace, where the temperature is increased and the molten lead is stirred. A blast of air oxidizes any remaining antimony or arsenic, both of which harden lead, hence the term softening furnace, and these are skimmed off for later recovery.
After softening, the lead is transferred to desilvering kettles, where small amounts (less than 1 percent by weight) of zinc are added. When stirred, the molten zinc forms compounds with gold and silver, more soluble in zinc than in lead, which rise to the surface and form a crust upon cooling. This crust is removed and taken to a parting plant to recover the precious metals. Any remaining zinc is removed by reheating the molten lead to around 500°C (1,100°F) and applying a vacuum. The zinc vaporizes and condenses as metal on the vacuum vessel's cool dome, where it can be collected for reuse.
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The Harris process of softening and dezincing removes impurities from desilvered lead by stirring a mixture of molten caustic salts at 450–500°C (840–930°F) into the molten lead. Metallic impurities react with the chemicals and collect as their oxides or oxysalts.
Lead bullion containing more than 0.1 percent bismuth can be purified by the Betterton-Kroll process, typically following softening, desilvering, and dezincing. This process involves treating the melt with calcium and magnesium, forming compounds with bismuth that rise to the surface. These compounds are skimmed off and treated to recover bismuth, a valuable by-product.
The Betterton-Kroll process produces refined lead with bismuth contents of 0.005 to 0.01 percent. When higher purity is required, or when refining lead bullion high in bismuth, electrolytic refining is used. Though costly, it separates lead from almost all impurities, excluding tin, without emitting lead-bearing fumes or gases. The bullion is cast into large plates hung as anodes in electrolytic tanks where they dissolve. Pure lead is deposited on a thin cathode sheet. Impurities can then be recovered through various complex operations.
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